In this manual square brackets is used to show optional arguments.

Number registers and strings
Many macros can be controlled by number registers and strings. A number register is assigned with the nr command:
.nr XXX [+-]n [i]
XXX is the name of the register, n is the value to be assigned, and i is increment value for auto-increment. n can have a plus or minus sign as prefix if an increment or decrement of the current value is wanted. (Auto-increment or decrement occurs if the number register is used with a plus or minus sign, \n+[XXX] or \n-[XXX].)

Strings is defined with ds.
.ds YYY string
The string is assigned everything to the end of the line, even blanks. Initial blanks in string should be prefixed with a double-quote. (Strings are used in the text as \*[YYY].)

Special formatting of number registers
A number register is printed with normal digits if no format has been given. Set the format with af:
.af R c
R is the name of the register, c is the format. Form

Sequence 1

0, 1, 2, 3, ... 001

000, 001, 002, 003, ... i

0, i, ii, iii, iv, ... I

0, I, II, III, IV, ... a

0, a, b, c, ..., z, aa, ab, ... A

0, A, B, C, ..., Z, AA, AB, ...

Description 1

Arabic (the default) A

Upper-case letters (A-Z) a

Lower-case letters (a-z) I

Upper-case roman i

Lower-case roman Text-indent sets the indent and overrides Li. A third argument will prohibit printing of a blank line before each item.

Placement 0

Abstract will be printed on page 1 and on the cover sheet if used in the released-paper style (MT 4), otherwise it will be printed on page 1 without a cover sheet. 1

Abstract will only be printed on the cover sheet (MT 4 only). 2

Abstract will be printed only on the cover sheet (other than MT 4 only). The cover sheet is printed without need for CS. Abstract is not printed at all in external letters (MT 5). The indent controls the indentation of both margins, otherwise will normal text indent be used.

De register 0

Nothing special, this is the default. 1

A page eject will occur after each printed display, giving only one display per page and no text following it.

Df register 0

Displays are printed at the end of each section (when section-page numbering is active) or at the end of the document. 1

A new display will be printed on the current page if there is enough space, otherwise it will be printed at the end of the document. 2

One display will be printed at the top of each page or column (in multi-column mode). 3

Print one display if there is enough space for it, otherwise it will be printed at the top of the next page or column. 4

Print as many displays that will fit in a new page or column. A page break will occur between each display if De is not zero. 5

Fill the current page with displays and the rest beginning at a new page or column. (This is the default.) A page break will occur between each display if De is not zero.

format ""

No indentation. none

No indentation. L

No indentation. I

Indent text with the value of number register Si. C

Center each line CB

Center the whole display as a block. R

Right adjust the lines. RB

Right adjust the whole display as a block

L, I, C and CB can also be specified as 0, 1, 2 or 3 for compatibility reasons. (Don’t use it. :-)

fill ""

Line-filling turned off. none

Line-filling turned off. N

Line-filling turned off. F

Line-filling turned on.

N and F can also be specified as 0 or 1. An empty line will normally be printed before and after the display. Setting number register Ds to 0 will prevent this. Rindent shortens the line length by that amount.

flag none

override is a prefix to the number. 0

override is a prefix to the number. 1

override is a suffix to the number. 2

override replaces the number. EC uses the number register Ec as counter. It is possible to use .af to change the format of the number. If number register Of is 1, then the format of title will use a dash instead of a dot after the number.
The string Le controls the title of the List of Equations, default is LIST OF EQUATIONS. The List of Equations will only be printed if number register Le is 1, default 0. The string Liec contains the word Equation, wich is printed before the number. If refname is used, then the equation number is saved with .SETR, and can be retrieved with .GETST refname.
Special handling of the title will occur if EC is used inside DS/DE, it will not be affected by the format of DS.

Strings available to EOP EOPf

Argument from PF. EOPef

Argument from EF. EOPof

Argument from OF.

arg hyphen adjust indent ljust
0 no yesyesleft
1 yesyesyesleft
2 no no yesleft
3 yesno yesleft
4 no yesno left
5 yesyesno left
6 no no no left
7 yesno no left
8 no yesyesright
9 yesyesyesright
10 no no yesright
11 yesno yesright

Argument greater than or equal to 11 is considered as arg 0. Default for mm is 10.

An eventual paragraph, P, directly after H will be ignored, H is taking care of spacing and indentation.

Page ejection before heading
Number register Ej controls page ejection before the heading. Normally, a level one heading gets two blank lines before it, higher levels gets only one. A new page is ejected before each first-level heading if number register Ej is 1. All levels below or equal the value of Ej gets a new page. Default value for Ej is 0.

Heading break level
A line break occurs after the heading if the heading level is less or equal to number register Hb. Default value 2.

Heading space level
A blank line is inserted after the heading if the heading level is less or equal to number register Hs. Default value 2.

Text will follow the heading on the same line if the level is greater than both Hb and Hs.

Post-heading indent
Indentation of the text after the heading is controlled by number register Hi, default value 0.

Hi 0

The text will be left-justified. 1

Indentation of the text will follow the value of number register Pt, see P. 2

The text will be lined up with the first word of the heading.

Centered section headings
All headings whose level is equal or below number register Hc and also less than or equal to Hb or Hs is centerered.

Font control of the heading
The font of each heading level is controlled by string HF. It contains a fontnumber or fontname for each level. Default is 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (all headings in italic). Could also be written as I I I I I I I. Note that some other implementations use 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 as the default value. All omitted values are presumed to be a 1.

Point size control.
String HP controls the pointsize of each heading, in the same way as HF controls the font. A value of 0 selects the default point size. Default value is 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. Beware that only the point size changes, not the vertical size. That can be controlled by the user specified macro HX and/or HZ.

Heading counters
Seven number registers, named H1 thru H7 contains the counter for each heading level. The values are printed using arabic numerals, this can be changed with the macro HM (see below). All marks are concatenated before printing. To avoid this, set number register Ht to 1. That will only print the current heading counter at each heading.

Automatic table of contents
All headings whose level is equal or below number register Cl is saved to be printed in the table of contents. Default value is 2.

Special control of the heading, user-defined macros.
These macros can be defined by the user to get a finer control of vertical spacing, fonts or other features. Argument level is the level-argument to H, but 0 for unnumbered headings (see HU). Argument rlevel is the real level, it is set to number register Hu for unnumbered headings. Argument heading-text is the text argument to H and HU.

HX level rlevel heading-text
HX is called just before the printing of the heading. The following register is available for HX. HX may alter }0, }2 and ;3. "string }0"
Contains the heading mark plus two spaces if rlevel is non-zero, otherwise empty. "register ;0"
Contains the position of the text after the heading. 0 means that the text should follow the heading on the same line, 1 means that a line break should occur before the text and 2 means that a blank line should separate the heading and the text. "string }2"
Contains two spaces if register ;0 is 0. It is used to separate the heading from the text. The string is empty if ;0 is non-zero. "register ;3"
Contains the needed space in units after the heading. Default is 2v.

Can be used to change things like numbering (}0), vertical spacing (}2) and the needed space after the heading.

HY dlevel rlevel heading-text
HY is called after size and font calculations and might be used to change indentation.

HZ dlevel rlevel heading-text
HZ is called after the printing of the heading, just before H or HU exits. Could be used to change the page header according to the section heading.

Argument 1

Arabic numerals. 0001

Arabic numerals with leading zeroes, one or more. A

Upper-case alphabetic a

Lower-case alphabetic I

Upper-case roman numerals i

lower-case roman numerals empty

Arabic numerals.

It is also possible to create a macro that is responsible for formatting each row. Add the name of the macro as argument 3. The macro will be called with the index as argument(s).

type N

Page numbers H

Header marks B

Both page numbers and header marks, tab separated

See also SETR, GETPN and GETHN.

Pad and mark-indent controls where to put the mark. The mark is placed within the mark area, and mark-indent sets the number of spaces before this area. It is normally 0. The mark area ends where the text begins. The start of the text is still controlled by text-indent.

The mark is left justified whitin the mark area if pad is 0. If pad is greater than 0, then mark-indent is ignored, and the mark is placed pad spaces before the text. This will right justify the mark.

If type is 0 the list will have either a hanging indent or, if argument mark is given, the string mark as mark.

If type is greater than 0 automatic numbering will occur, arabic if mark is empty. Mark can then be any of 1, A, a, I or i.

Type selects one of six possible ways to display the mark.
type 1

x. 2

x) 3

(x) 4

[x] 5

<x> 6

{x}

Every item in the list will get LI-space number of blank lines before them. Default is 1.

LB itself will print LB-space blank lines. Default is 0.

A blank line is normally printed before the list item. This behaviour can be controlled by number register Ls. Pre-spacing will occur for each list-level less than or equal to Ls. Default value is 99. (Nesting of lists is unlimited. :-)

The indentation can be changed thru number register Li. Default is 6.

All lists begins with a list initialization macro, LB. There are, however, seven predefined listtypes to make lists easier to use. They all call LB with different default values. AL

Automatically Incremented List ML

Marked List VL

Variable-Item List BL

Bullet List DL

Dash List RL

Reference List BVL

Broken Varable List. These lists are described at other places in this manual. See also LB.

Style BL

Blocked. Date line, return address, writer’s address and closing begins at the center of the line. All other lines begin at the left margin. SB

Semi-blocked. Same as blocked, except that the first line in every paragraph is indented five spaces. FB

Full-blocked. All lines begin at the left margin. SP

Simplified. Almost the same as the full-blocked style. Subject and the writer’s identification are printed in all-capital.

Confidential notation. Prints CONFIDENTIAL on the second line below the date line. Any argument replaces CONFIDENTIAL. See also string variable LetCN. RN

Reference notation. Prints In reference to: and the argument two lines below the date line. See also string variable LetRN. AT

Attention. Prints ATTENTION: and the argument below the inside address. See also string variable LetAT. SA

Salutation. Prints To Whom It May Concern: or the argument if it was present. The salutation is printed two lines below the inside address. See also string variable LetSA. SJ

Subject line. Prints the argument as subject prefixed with SUBJECT: two lines below the inside address, except in letter type SP. Then the subject is printed in all-captial without any prefix. See also string variable LetSJ.

Normal memorandum, no type printed 1

Memorandum with MEMORANDUM FOR FILE printed 2

Memorandum with PROGRAMMER’S NOTES printed 3

Memorandum with ENGINEER’S NOTES printed 4

Released paper style 5

External letter style See also COVER/COVEND, a more flexible type of front page.

Notation




none

Copy To




""

Copy To




1

Copy To (with att.) to




2

Copy To (without att.) to




3

Att.




4

Atts.




5

Enc.




6

Encs.




7

Under separate cover




8

Letter to




9

Memorandum to




10

Copy (with atts.) to




11

Copy (without atts.) to




12

Abstract Only to




13

Complete Memorandum to




14

CC

Instead of giving 1 as argument to P it is possible to set the paragraph type in number register Pt. Using 0 and 1 will be the same as adding that value to P. A value of 2 will indent all paragraphs, except after headings, lists and displays.

The space between two paragraphs is controlled by number register Ps, and is 1 by default (one blank line).

The reference counter will not be reset if arg1 is 1.

Arg2 tells RP whether to eject a page or not.
Arg2 0

The reference page will be printed on a separate page. This is the default. 1

Do not eject page after the list. 2

Do not eject page before the list. 3

Do not eject page before and after the list. The reference items will be separated by a blank line. Setting number register Ls to 0 will suppress the line.

The string Rp contains the reference page title and is normally set to REFERENCES.

The rest of the arguments will be printed, centered, before the table of contents.

The user-defined macros TX and TY are used if TC is called with at most four arguments. TX is called before the printing of CONTENTS, and TY is called instead of printing CONTENTS.

Equivalent macros can be defined for list of figures, tables, equations and excibits by defining TXxx or TYxx, where xx is Fg, TB, EC or EX.

String Ci can be set to control the indentations for each heading-level. It must be scaled, like .ds Ci .25i .5i .75i 1i 1i. The indentation is normally controlled by the maxlength of headings in each level.

All texts can be redefined, new stringvariables Lifg, Litb, Liex, Liec and Licon contain "Figure", "TABLE", "Exhibit", "Equation" and "CONTENTS". These can be redefined to other languages.

Description 1

Disable the escape-character (\). This is normally turned on during verbose output. 2

Add an empty line before the verbose text. 4

Add an empty line after the verbose text. 8

Print the verbose text with numbered lines. This adds four digitsized spaces in the beginning of each line. Finer control is available with the string-variable Verbnm. It contains all arguments to the troff-command .nm, normally ’1’. 16

Indent the verbose text with five ’n’:s. This is controlled by the number-variable Verbin (in units).

Set default mode, -WF, -FF, -WD and FB. WF

Wide footnotes, wide also in two-column mode. -WF

Normal footnote width, follow column mode. FF

All footnotes gets the same width as the first footnote encountered. -FF

Normal footnotes, width follows WF and -WF. WD

Wide displays, wide also in two-column mode. -WD

Normal display width, follow column mode. FB

Floating displays generates a line break when printed on the current page. -FB

Floating displays does not generate line break.

Description 0

Pointsize will only change to the current setting when .PH, .PF, .OH, .EH, .OF or .OE is executed. 1

Pointsize will change after every .S. This is the default.